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2013년 11월 23일 토요일

About '50th anniversary of'|50th Anniversary of "I Have a Dream"







About '50th anniversary of'|50th Anniversary of "I Have a Dream"








In               May               of               1961,               racial               tensions               in               the               United               States               were               reaching               their               boiling               point.

The               U.S.

Supreme               Court               had               overturned               Plessy               v.

Ferguson,               the               landmark               case               that               established               the               legality               of               separate               but               equal               facilities               for               different               races,               back               in               1954               with               the               Brown               v.

Board               of               Education               case.

However,               several               Southern               states               went               to               great               lengths               to               avoid               integration               of               the               races.

One               way               was               with               buses.

In               1960,               the               Supreme               Court               ruled               that               segregation               could               not               be               enforced               on               interstate               buses.

This               did               not               deter               some               Southern               states               from               requiring               segregation.

To               show               that               some               states               were               not               abiding               by               the               ruling,               a               group               of               people               known               as               the               Freedom               Riders               began               a               long               bus               journey               starting               in               Washington,               D.C.,               and               ending               in               New               Orleans,               La.

They               never               reached               their               destination.

There               were               minor               troubles               and               arrests,               as               the               group               expected,               in               the               northernmost               Southern               states.

It               was               in               Alabama               and               Mississippi               that               they               met               with               violence               that               destroyed               the               buses,               physical               violence               and               jail               time.
               The               immediate               aftermath               of               the               original               Freedom               Riders               journey,               and               those               journeys               in               the               subsequent               months,               was               to               make               desegregation               of               interstate               transportation               and               businesses               a               priority.

The               Kennedy               administration               saw               that               the               best               way               to               end               the               violence               was               to               end               segregation.

Although               it               took               many               years               to               fully               end               the               policy,               this               marked               the               first               step               of               a               difficult               journey.

Ten               years               later,               the               Supreme               Court               determined               that               one               viable               way               to               achieve               integration               was               through               busing.

This               means               that               some               Caucasian               children               would               be               bussed               to               predominantly               African               American               school               districts               and               some               African               American               children               would               be               bussed               to               predominantly               Caucasian               school               districts.
               It               was               in               1967               that               prohibitions               on               interracial               marriage               were               declared               unconstitutional               by               the               U.S.

Supreme               Court.

Before               this               point,               many               people               did               not               like               the               idea               of               African               American               people               marrying               Caucasian               people.

The               Freedom               Riders               had               also               challenged               people's               feelings               on               interracial               relationships               by               having               two               people               on               the               buses               acting               as               an               interracial               couple.

Beginning               in               1967,               marriage               licenses               could               no               longer               be               denied               to               the               interracial               couples               who               sought               them.
               In               1988,               after               overcoming               a               potentially               fatal               veto               by               then               President               Ronald               Regan,               the               Civil               Rights               Restoration               Act               became               law.

Three               years               later,               the               civil               right               movement               received               another               boost               when               the               Civil               Rights               Act               of               1991               became               law.

Both               of               these               laws               expanded               protections               against               discrimination               either               in               private               institutions               or               in               employment,               respectively.
               On               the               50th               anniversary               of               the               Freedom               Riders,               it               is               important               to               remember               what               those               brave               men               and               women               did.

They               helped               bring               an               end               to               segregation               and               paved               the               way               for               others               to               voice               their               discontent,               which               led               to               many               more               civil               rights               victories               over               the               years.






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